In an era in which customers are almost begging Microsoft not to discontinue Windows XP, I was suprised to see a recent news story on the end of life of Windows for Workgroups 3.11 (WfWG). If you're not completely up on the early history of Windows, WfWG 3.11 was released in August of 1993, and was the last of the major US-market versions of Windows without native Win32 support out of the box. It was also one of a series of Windows releases in the early 90's that turned Windows from 'the library you need to run Excel' into a legitimate platform for general purpose computing.

From it's introduction in 1985 until the release of Windows 3.0 in 1990, Windows was almost entirely composed of the same basic core: DOS for file access and system startup, and a collection of three DLL's (KERNEL, GDI, and USER) for memory management, device independant graphics, and the GUI widget library and window manager. Atop the core sat programs written to the Windows API. All of this ran sharing the one 20-bit segmented address space provided by x86 real mode: with 640K usable memory. If you were lucky, you might have had a LIM/EMS board that allowed a few MB of extra memory to be addressed through a 64KB window at the top of the addres space. If you were really lucky, you might have had a 80386 computer with a special program that let it pretend its extra memory worked like a LIM/EMS board. Needless to say, memory was tight, difficult to use, and dangerous to share it between multiple programs.

The solution to this memory problem was initially to be OS/2. OS/2 was the operating system part of IBM's vast (and doomed) PS/2 program to recapture the PC space back from clone vendors. Like DOS, it was done in partnership with Microsoft, but IBM took a much more active role in the design and development of OS/2 than they did with DOS. OS/2's most noteworthy feature was the fact that it was designed to run in 80286 'protected mode' rather than the 'real mode' of DOS and Windows. Protected mode, like its name implies, added memory protection between processes that made multi-tasking more reliable. Protected mode also widened the physical address space of the CPU from 20-bits to 24-bits, making it possible to directly address 16MB of memory without resorting to tricks like LIM/EMS paging. This was all good, but it was tempered by the fact that OS/2 was expensive to run and didn't run DOS programs very well, thanks to its choice of 80286 protected mode over 80386. The only programs that could actually use the benefits of protected mode under OS/2 were OS/2-specific software that nobody had.

By the time 1988 rolled around, PC's with the capability of addressing more than 1MB of memory had been around since 1984, and there still wasn't a viable mainstream operating system that took advantage of this capability. This is when Windows got its big break: David Weise at Microsoft figured out how to run Windows itself in Protected Mode, along with unmodified Windows programs. Running existing software in protected mode was something of a holy grail, and Dr. Weise's idea ultimately resulted in Windows 3.0, released in 1990 to heady acclaim. Windows 3.0 also included the V86 multitasker from the older Windows/386 product. This meant Windows 3.0 could do things OS/2 could not do, like run multiple DOS programs at the same time and run them in graphical windows on the desktop.

Windows 3.0 ended up being a runaway sales success, and after its release, the rest of the dominos fell fairly quickly. Microsoft's partnership with IBM effectively ended, with IBM getting a source licence to Microsoft products through the early 1990's. IBM ultimately used this license to develop a special version of Windows they bundled with OS/2 2.0 to let Windows programs run under OS/2 ("a better Windows than Windows" went the ad). Microsoft's own 32-bit OS/2 2.0 got dropped, and the work done on OS/2 NT (3.0) ultimately formed the basis for 1993's Windows NT and the Win32 API. The next version of 16-bit Windows, Windows 3.1, dropped support for real mode entirely, and as it evolved into Windows 95, more and more system services were moved into 32-bit code. This 16/32-bit hybrid version of Windows lasted until Windows Me. It was definately barouque, and ended up notoriously unreliable, but its evolution from 256K 8088's to 128MB Pentiums is to my eye one of the more impressive examples of evolutionary software engineering. I don't miss using these versions of Windows, but it's easy to miss the 'brave new world' spirit they embodied.

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I just saw this story on Oregon Trail over on Slashdot. I was born in 1975, which puts me in grade school in the early 1980's, the prime time for these early Apple ][ educational games. As much as I liked Oregon Trail, I liked Rocky's Boots even better. The basic premise of Rocky's Boots was that you had to use basic boolean logic circuits to build machines to solve particular tasks. You ran around a little maze using a very early 'point and click' style user interface to gather parts and put them together. Once you were done, you got to watch your creation do its thing. A fun little bit of trivia regarding Rocky's Boots is that it was developed by Warren Robinette, the creator of Atari 2600 Adventure, including the famous, ego-driven easter egg.

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I've found a couple interesting websites related to computer history. The first is Dusty Decks, a blog related to some efforts to reconstruct Lisp and FORTRAN history. A highlight of this is a discussion on the Birth of the FORTRAN subroutine. Also via Dusty Decks is a website on the early history of the Lisp Programming Language.

That leads me to a couple books I've been reading lately. The first is Lisp in Small Pieces, by Christian Queinnec. I'm only a couple chapters in (stuck on continuations right now), but it's already been pretty profound. So far, the aspect of the book that's been the most useful is that it has gone through several core design choices Lisp implementors have to make ( Lisp-1 vs. Lisp-2, Lexical Scope vs. Dynamic Scope, types of continuations to support), and goes into depth regarding the implications and history of the choices involved. I think I'm finally starting to understand more of the significance of funcall and function in Common Lisp, not to mention throw/catch and block/return-from.

Book two is The First Computers--History and Architectures, edited by Raul Rojas. This book is a collection of papers discussing the architecture of significant early computers from the late 30's and 40's. The thing that's so unique about the book is that it focuses on the architectural issues surrounding these machines: the kinds of hardware they were built with, how they processed information, and how they were programmed. Just as an example, it has a detailed description of many of ENIAC's functional units, even going into descriptions of how problems were set up on the machine. Another highlight of the book for me (so far) has been a description of Konrad Zuse's relay-based Z3, down to the level of a system architectural diagram, schematics of a few key circuits, and coverage of its microprogramming (!).

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